Research

We advance planetary defense for the Earth–Moon infrastructure era by integrating detection, rapid characterization, and risk assessment of near-Earth objects. Our work focuses on decameter-scale impactors and cislunar domain awareness, translating astronomical discovery into practical, decision-relevant readiness.

1. Small-Body Detection and Characterization

The ability to detect and physically characterize decameter-scale objects represents a significant expansion of the observable small-body population. These objects are far more numerous than kilometer-scale asteroids and are more sensitive to collisional, thermal, and dynamical evolution.

Using facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope, we advance:

  • Thermal modeling of small asteroids
  • Constraints on size, albedo, and composition
  • Dynamical state and rotational properties
  • Surface and fragmentation physics

This regime provides new insight into asteroid family formation, meteorite origins, and the physical processes that shape the inner Solar System.

2. Radar and Rapid Follow-Up Infrastructure

Detection alone is insufficient without rapid characterization and orbit refinement. Our Planetary Defense Project integrates ground-based facilities to enable coordinated follow-up and tracking.

Key capabilities include:

  • The MIT Haystack 37m Telescope for size and surface characterization through passive radio sensing, and possibly, radar tracking and orbital refinement
  • Optical follow-up through Wallace Observatory
  • Coordination protocols for time-sensitive near-Earth encounters

This infrastructure ensures that observational discoveries can be translated into precise orbital solutions and physical constraints.

3. Population Science and Solar System Evolution

Beyond individual objects, our Planetary Defense Project focuses on population-level understanding. The decameter regime offers a unique window into:

  • Collisional cascades within asteroid families
  • Yarkovsky-driven orbital evolution
  • Size-frequency distributions across small-body populations
  • Links between asteroid fragments and meteorite flux on Earth

By combining space-based and ground-based observations and statistical modeling, we aim to construct a physically grounded picture of small-body evolution across timescales.

4. Planetary Defense and Orbital Environment Resilience

Planetary defense is undergoing a structural transition. Smaller objects, once largely unobservable, are now within reach of modern facilities. At the same time, Earth's orbital environment has become densely populated with satellites critical to communication, navigation, climate monitoring, and national security.

The Planetary Defense Project integrates probability refinement, dynamical modeling, and debris-environment analysis to assess not only impact likelihood, but also potential consequences for Earth's space infrastructure.

Lunar impacts represent a particularly important case. Ejecta from sufficiently energetic impacts can alter the near-Earth debris environment and interact with satellite constellations. Understanding these processes requires coordinated physical modeling and observational validation.

5. Rubin-Era Data Systems

The forthcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory will dramatically increase the volume of small-body detections. Our network is developing scalable detection, classification, and characterization pipelines capable of operating in high-throughput regimes.

These efforts include:

  • Automated orbit determination and uncertainty quantification
  • Machine-learning–assisted candidate classification
  • Rapid prioritization for follow-up observations
  • Integration of multi-instrument data streams

The goal is to ensure that increased sensitivity leads to improved physical inference and responsible operational assessment.